Gregor VII

Pope Gregory VII, also known as Hildebrand of Sovana, served as pope from 1073 to 1085 and is best remembered for his role in the Investiture Controversy, which was a significant conflict between papal authority and secular rulers. He asserted the independence of the Church from secular influence and promoted the idea of papal supremacy, famously excommunicating Emperor Henry IV, which led to the legendary penance of Canossa.